Similarities Of Socrates And Machiavelli - 1669 Words

Both Socrates and Machiavelli emerged as renowned thinkers of their time because of their approaches to government that moved away from idealism and towards a rational and real approach. To understand why Socrates would be critical of Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince we must understand the similarities and differences between the two philosophers, and then analyze if Socrates would find his ruling system to be efficient. Socrates and Machiavelli value the qualities of a strong and fair ruler, however they differ in their beliefs on what means a ruler should use to remain in power over his people. In the end, Socrates would have found the amorality and absolute power of Machiavelli’s Prince to be a disservice to his people, as truthfulness†¦show more content†¦Socrates would be critical of this notion as well, as he believes in the constant search for the truth as he says, â€Å"the unexamined life is one not worth living.† (Apology pg. 38). Socrates disdain for the Prince’s tactics of deception and duplicity is a result from his personal belief that all people must seek the truth in order to impart wisdom on society for its advancement. In his view, an enlightened person will perpetuate a cycle of acting with virtue and wisdom, and therefor ensure a just society for all. Socrates remarks, â€Å"Will life be worth having, if that higher part of man be destroyed, which is improved by justice and depraved by injustice?† (Crito pg. 11). Socrates believes the enlightened pursuit of justice is a central facet of humankind. To Machiavelli, an average person need not be enlightened so long as their leader is prudent. Socrates and Machiavelli would again clash on their beliefs regarding wisdom, virtue, and human nature. To Socrates, wisdom defines a person’s worth. Their virtue is what allows them to act wisely. In this system, the ideal prince is also a philosopher. To Machiavelli, people do not actively seek truth and therefor worth is measured by other means, such as possessions, land and knowledge. The inner search for wisdom is irrelevant to the Prince and so he does not try to rule like the philosopher-kingShow MoreRelatedMachiavelli And Socrates Similarities1437 Words   |  6 Pagesway. This is the case with two philosophers, Socrates and Machiavelli, who both lived during times of internal political strife. Greece was divided into numerous city states that were constantly at war with one another and hundreds of years later, Italy would also experience this political fragmentation and violence. Despite having these identical environments, Socrates and Machiavelli adopted two ver y distinctive and contrasting perspectives. Socrates used his experiences and the environment thatRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1197 Words   |  5 Pages Socrates and Machiavelli both grew up in times of political instability which formed and shaped their political beliefs. Machiavelli primarily discussed his view of how a leader should behave in the book: The Prince. A prince is an individual who is the leader of a state or group of people. Machiavelli’s version of a prince is very accurate but, Socrates would not support Machiavelli’s version of a prince. Machiavelli believed a prince must be domineering and aggressive, while Socrates viewedRead MoreSimilarities Of Socrates And Machiavelli2045 Words   |  9 Pagesago, Socrates and Machiavelli were both influential thinkers whose works are still relevant today. These two great thinkers and philosophers wrote about and extensively studied political systems. The influences of their work can still be seen today in constitutions and governments around the world. Were it not for their transcendent works, there is a real chance today’s systems of government would look very different. While no governments today exactly match those advocated for by Machiavelli andRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1905 Words   |  8 PagesEssay 1 While Socrates and Machiavelli lived over 1900 years apart, the dilemmas their societies faced draw many parallels. In Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†, he demonstrates a wide-ranging set of rules and principles to be followed by a leader to ensure the steady maintenance of authority and stability in a state or principality. Not only would Socrates be opposed to many of the espoused views in â€Å"The Prince† on what creates a successful ruler, thereby society, but had he lived in Machiavelli’s â€Å"ideal†Read MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1084 Words   |  5 Pagesamong them were Socrates and Machiavelli, whose ideas regarding violence and its ideal usage to us inspired countless other prominent figures after their respective times. Socrates believed humans are imperfect and fallible, and should therefore avoid using violence. Machiavelli on the on the other hand considered violence a useful tool in achieving one’s goals . Considering both thinkers’ impacts on history, a question arises: whose concept of violence is more corrupting, Socrates’ or Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1534 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment 241: Political Philosophy Professor Ives October 13, 2017 The morality which guided Socrates were an end all, be all for him. He did not wish to live without his search for truth. Socrates would see a Machiavellian Prince as self-centered, and void of morals. A Machiavellian prince would not appreciate the way Socrates carried himself and would see him as a challenge to his authority. Socrates would not support a Machiavellian society because most likely he would not be free to philosophizeRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1250 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates are two of the most influential figures in modern day political philosophy. These two individuals established the bases for our interpretation of the world and human political interaction. While they were separated by centuries and a significant geographic distance, it is fascinating nonetheless to ponder what they would think of each other. Sadly it is impossible to ask themselves and so we must instead turn to their writings in order to glean an ide a of what their opinionsRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1649 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli both existed during times of political unrest. Both men sought different means of political leadership, and could be seen as activists of their times. During times of war and unrest, it was a bold choice that both men made to stand up for their beliefs and speak out against the system. However, Socrates wouldn’t have agreed with Machiavelli’s means and concepts of the Prince and his ideas for how a political establishment should function. Machiavelli’s means may have beenRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1544 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates agree on very little. While an initial reading of the two may elicit some comparisons, the goals of their respective philosophies rely on different foundations, and would therefore culminate in very different political results for society. Socrates would likely see in the Prince a selfish ruler, while Machiavelli would see in Socrates a dangerous idealist whose ideas would lead to instability and the death of the state in which these ideas were implemented. Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1803 Words   |  8 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates were beings of their time. The world around them shaped their views, and their views have in turn shaped ours. While both lived through turbulent times, they do not share the same ideology. Socrates would dislike Machiavelli’s description of the ideal princ e, regardless of how the prince actually ruled. Socrates would oppose both how the prince got to power and keeps it, as well as the society over which he rules. Socrates assigned certain responsibilities to both the ruler

Ethics Theories - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1199 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Various ethical theories can be regarded as teleological in nature in that whatever is right or wrong is dependent on a certain action or outcome. On the other hand, some theories can be deontological in that the act of doing the right or the wrong thing is solely dependent on following the set rules and undertaking a specific activity. In my thought, regardless of the fact that teleological theories can be classified under relativist while deontological as absolutist, it is not often easy given the fact that ethics mostly involves uneasy mix up. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethics Theories" essay for you Create order As Kant argued, individuals have to act in accordance to the dictum that they would perceive as universal laws (Hill 44). I believe that the laws are absolutist in the sense that individuals can practice them in a logical manner prior to any kind of experience given the fact that their experience does not verify them.   Additionally, it is worth noting that the cost of every action is often irrelevant to whether the acts are wrong or right as I believe that often, immoral actions at times have unintentional moral consequences as evidenced in people acting bravely without having any form of assurance that cost may turn out to be admirable. By considering the character of humans, it is evident that there is not a single character that has good qualities without some immunity. For instance, despite the fact that one can act in a sympathetic manner, he/she is still capable of doing immoral acts. Thus, one can argue that good will is the only good thing that should be deemed as the righ t thing. In my opinion, the nature of morality is under deontological since it invents some rules that have to be followed. In essence, the rules are absolutist due to the fact that they do not recognize exception. For instance, when people rely on family planning techniques, they tend to ignore God’s purpose of getting intimate. Nevertheless, the act is good as it ensures one’s healthy by for instance preventing diseases and unwanted pregnancies.   In the same way, non-consequentialist is under deontological as it embraces some deontological consent. The fact that non-consequentialist   do not deny that consequences are morally significant and still believe that some factors are also important in morally assessing actions implies that the most rationally clear understanding of deontological denotes non- consequentialist thereby implying that deontological theories includes all the views of non-consequentialist.   Consequentialism on the other hand is very different from d eontological since deontological often derives the wrong or rightness of the conduct of individuals from the portrayed character as opposed to product of the conduct. I believe that regardless of the fact that both deontological and consequentialism are theories on morals and ethics, their main difference lies in the what they both perceive an action as being either right or wrong. According to Holland (19), in consequentialism, the moral value of an action is not determined by the nature of the action but rather the reference to the consequence while in deontology, actions can be right or wrong due to their nature. While both relativism and absolutism are central concepts in ethics, it is accurate to argue that they interrelate as opposed to existing independently of each other. This can be evidenced by the fact that the sanctity of human life is regarded as an absolute value in that its application is in practice relative to specific circumstances for instance self-defense and war. There is a noticeable problem in the application of absolutism and relativism in that extreme absolutism may create difficulties in ethical practices while extreme relativism may make it impossible to have ethical debates.  Ã‚   In regards to absolutism, I have no reason of presuming that deontology entails absolutism. In my view, absolutism is right by claiming that ethics are not supposed to be relative in that I believe that rationality is important for every individual seeking prosperous and endurance regardless of the era or culture. I strongly agree with people who believe that emotional moral decision and p rinciples are important elements of practicing moral living standards. As Clarke (108) affirms, in reference to ethical theory, relativism is linked to consequentialism while absolutism is linked to deontology. As Kant affirmed, freedom is the inner worth of the world where he affirmed that the value of freedom can be realized by its constant use (Wiley 559). The fact that consequentialist theories may seem incapable of justifying freedom ponders the question whether deontological theories are equipped better. I am sure that a teleological account of freedom in accordance with actual practices of determining freedom can help in solving the puzzle.   In my thoughts, the main difficulty presented by the freedom theory is that at cogent, it is not only too narrow bus also too extreme.   In the past, teleology was interpreted to denote the purpose as well as the vague concept of some final causes. Thus, considering the fact that determinism is a thesis regarding some causal history of events, when we perceive it on a teleological account of free will, it is evident that agency is not importantly a casual notion and thus there is no room for obvious ways where determinism is made relevant. T he concept of final cause according to Chrisley and Begeer (377) is what led to the opposition of teleology to determinism. Some theories can be classified under both teleological and absolutist. For instance, virtue ethics that specifies the virtues that human ought to acquire through not only habit but also education to enjoy a happier lifestyle can be deemed as either absolutist and teleological. In my judgment, the theory is teleological owing to the fact that it relates to the rationales and ends of the actions. Similarly, one can perceive these rationales as absolute in that possessing moral characters such as being sympathetic and honest is always good (Harris 365). I also tend to agree with virtue ethicists who argue that human values are prone to changes and cultures often hold very different virtues. For instance, as Harris (365) reveals, the issue of how as well as the extent by which virtues are comparative to   different historical, social and cultural contexts is very important in the sense that if virtues are tied for practices, the issue of the exact practices engaged by a specific indiv idual has to be sorted out. Different cultures and people engage in different practices in different times, a phenomenon that reveals that the practices of different people reflect their stories in different parts. From the above analysis, it is evident that the application of ethics is not only a matter of practicing ethical principles in different situations, rather it is important for individuals to always be open to any possibilities presented by different theories and thus the reason as to why we should not apply ethical theories blindly while relying on the projected outcome. I have understood that ethical theories often functions as tools in the discovery of ethical aspects of different situations. For instance, the application of consequentialism theory can be good in exploring the cost of a particular action. It is also evident that theories are capable of suggesting specific reasons and arguments that have an important role in ethical decisions.

The Theories Of Nature Vs Nurture - 1752 Words

Through history, the idea of nature vs nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is often believed to be the most important aspect of a persons’ upbringing, as nature is something very intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of any human life, trumps nature. The earliest (proofs?) and rebuttals of these theories have been honed and developed over time by specific psychologists and educational theorists – all who hoped to prove their own ideas as fact at one time in history. John Locke was the forefather of the Educational Constructivist movement, which theorized that children and learners construct their personal knowledge for themselves in both social and individual situations. Though his opinions were often disputed, Locke had many opinions and theories of the habits and social conventions for the education of young children and believed that everyone is born with a blank slate. â€Å"It is more accurate to think of the child’s mind as a blank slate, and whatever comes from the mind is from the environment† (Crain 7). (Explain quote, which led to the theory of nurture, etc.) This idea founded the theory of nurture. According to his theory, as babies we are born without knowledge of what we should fear or how we should act, it is up to our environments to teach us how to act and behave. In contrast to Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a strict Naturalist, was more concerned with the development of a person’sShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of nature vs. nurture, or inherited vs. acquired, is a complex psychological theory that questions how people develop, as a person, in life and how they act. Their impact determines your personality traits, values, morals, and behavior in life. The idea of nature is the belief that people develop into who they are based on genetic traits given to them at birth. For example, some children inherit a musical talent from their parents along with eye color, hair color, and race. These traitsRead MoreThe Theories Of Nature Vs. Nurture2037 Words   |  9 Pages Through history, the idea of nature vs. nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is often believed to be the most important aspect of a persons’ upbringing, as nature is something intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of any human life, trumps nature. The earliest evidence and rebuttals of these theories have been honed and developed over time by specific psychologists and educational theorists – all who hoped to prove theirRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1523 Words   |  7 Pagesstated, the â€Å"nature versus nurture† concept is very prevalent within developmental theory. Many theorists have strong opinions on the subject and how it relates to biological development, behavioral development and learning. The nature concept refers to development being driven by heredity, maturation, genes, and inborn intrinsic actions (Lerner, 2002). A theorist who had a strong view that nature was the driving force behind development was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In contrast, the nurture concept refersRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Personality Theories1855 Words   |  8 PagesPersonality theories include a wide range of thoughts and it is hard to narrow them down to a choice of how and why individuals are their identity. These complex thoughts must be examined and gone over certainly before one can decide whether an individual meets the characterized significance of the hypothesis. An example would need to be set up with the person before they could be said to have a specific identity quality. To what extent should an individual take after an example of conduct beforeRead More Nature vs. Nurture: Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesIs nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shapeRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Theory Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesQ) What was the basis of doctors reasoning to raise David (named Bruce at birth) as a girl? Explain the doctors reasoning in relation to nature versus nurture theories. The phycologist recommended to David’s parents that they can raise David as a girl just by developing his identity as a feminine. The physiologist also recommended that the surgical process of constructing penis would be more difficult and risky for David than the surgical construction of a vagina. The psychologist explained to David’sRead MoreMy Personal Developmental Theory, Nature Vs. Nurture812 Words   |  4 Pagesshape and influence development. My personal developmental theory consists of several tenets from theories such as, nature vs. nurture, systems and cognitive developmental theory. While there are many theories in lifespan development, and they are all relevant in the development of an individual I found these particular theories the most influential in my development. Nature vs. Nurture From a biological perspective, nature vs. nurture plays a critical role in the development of an individual. MeaneyRead MoreThe Theories Of Schizophreni Dopamine, Glutamate, Brain Abnormalities, And Nature Vs. Nurture813 Words   |  4 PagesThe four theories that are behind the cause of schizophrenia as referenced in the PowerPoint are Dopamine, Glutamate, Brain Abnormalities, and Nature vs. Nurture / More than one cause. 1. Dopamine Definition Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. It is one of the chemicals that is responsible for transmitting signals between the neurons of the brain. However, very few of those neurons actually produce dopamine. (psychologytoday.com) Theory The main theory concerning dopamine is that too much it canRead More Nature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A debate between psychologist, scientists and philosopher thinkers on the spectrum of ‘nature vs. nurture’ arose concerning human development. In the nature versus nurture debate, the term nature refers to the genes we inherit while the term nurture refers to our outside environment (Nature vs. Nurture: Twin and Adoption Studies). This debate of ‘nature vs. nurture’ has existed for centuries and up to now it is still a topic of major discussion although at present time. Human developmentRead MoreSerial Killers1314 Words   |  6 Pagestoday is the debate over nature versus nurture. With that debate going on there are many topics that are being researched under it, like serial killers, and what drives them to do what they do. Many scientists are still researching whether or not if serial killers are driven by the way they were raised or if it is a part of their genes. This literature review will analyze what people think about the nature versus nurture debate. It will talk about the nature side and the nurture side of the debate.

The Movie The Help - 2141 Words

The film, The Help was a great movie but it was definitely an eye opener for me because as we research different eras we find that circumstances for Black women were always at the hands of someone else. Black women were referred to as Negros in this era and sometimes were called more derogatory names, that we need not mention. Blacks were not allowed to drink cokes, and were punished if they were caught drinking it. Unfortunately, Black women were mothers to their own children and they had to be mothers to the white children that they cared for. Black women had to leave their children with someone else while they cared for the white children. The mothers of those children were so busy doing book clubs, town meeting etc. that they didn’t have time to take care of their own children. When the children were in need of attention, most times it was the maid that coddled the children and make sure that they were taken care of. In the movie the white children depended on the maid more than their own parents. The parents only picked the children up once a day to spend time with them or to even talk to them. Even the fathers didn’t have time for the children and only saw them in passing as they were walking out the door. Black women potty trained the children that they cared for while the mothers carried on with their daily tasks. Even though Black women were treated unfairly, the white women often looked up to them and may have even asked for help with theirShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1019 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the best-selling books and the film ‘The Help’ is very closely relevant to the untold stories of African-American women and their experience in service to the white women – part of the narrative of civil rights and segregation in America. The Help is less about the undermined black servants than it is about the white sympathizers, extremely close to missing the point entirely. The civil rights movement was vast and complicated and included African-Americans and white people as heroes, If theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1132 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the movie The help, I understand that the African American in the past where being abused from white people and where insulted and treated as animals. They used men as cookers and farmers. And women where used as nannies. Also they splurge the nannies between each other. However, white people doesn’t treat African American in a good way. When they was treated from white people one of the friend of the white people tried to solve this dilemma which is to make justice between white andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help832 Words   |  4 Pages I watched the movie award winning move The Help. This movie tak es place in Jackson, Mississippi during the 1960’s. This was a time period of lots of racial discrimination and gender discrimination right in the middle of the civil rights movement. The story line of The Help is about a young women named Skeeter, who aspires to be big New York City writer. She get a job at a local news paper and on the side decided to secretly interview the black maids (The Help) about their different stories, experiencesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1550 Words   |  7 Pages Walt Disney Studio’s 2011 film, â€Å"The Help† is an adaption of Kathryn Stockett’s 2009 novel of the same name. The Help is an American drama film, and stars a powerhouse cast, with the leading roles played by Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Jessica Chastain, and Allison Janney. The film was both written and directed by Kathryn Stockett’s friend Tate Taylor, who was given the rights to the film before her book was even published. In 1960’s Jackson, Mississippi during the civil rights movementRead MoreMovie Review: The Help2313 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Help- The Movie A Critical Analysis The Help has been one of the most eminent movies released in 2011. Its been an exceptional piece of work if analyzed in the spectrum of complete entertainment. From storytelling to genre, the movie has performed reasonably in many areas. Although there have been various criticisms on the movie when it comes to basic plot, however overall the movie manages to reveal its actual meaning yet being an entertaining at the same time. The movie was nominatedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Help is a drama set in Jackson, Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. The film focuses on the development of Eugenia Skeeter Phelan, a young, aspiring Anglo American author trying to find her way in the world of writing. After becoming closer acquainted with Aibileen, an African-American maid employed by her peer Elizabeth Leefolt, Skeeter becomes more aware of the racist attitudes that white Americans in her community have towards ‘ black’ Americans. After successfullyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help Essay2249 Words   |  9 PagesThe film â€Å"The Help† (2011), is a story based on the daily lives of prominent white women and the relationships with their African-American housemaids in Jackson, Mississippi, during the 1960s Civil Rights movement in America. A well-to-do white woman and central character in this film, Eugenia â€Å"Skeeter† Phelan, aspires to be a journalist and decides to write and publish an exposà © of the stories of the housemaids in Jackson to achieve this goal, however, only two maids, Aibileen Clark and Minny JacksonRead MoreMovie Review: the Help Essay643 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Help† An emotionally stirring movie taking place in Jackson, Mississippi in the 1960s, â€Å"The Help† stars Emma Stone, Viola Davis, and Octavia Spencer as three women who share a common motive. This racially tense setting creates the perfect foundation for a drama film such as this. The characters’ personalities in combination with the emotion of the plot develop a socially accurate depiction of the struggles faced by the people of the time. While the racial aspect of the movie is dominantRead MoreMovie Analysis : Film Analysis Of The Movie The Help796 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Help† Analysis Paper During the 1960’s , americans underwent an era of critical issues in the United States. Throughout this time, the United States was in a stage of racial issues where racism was still openly accepted of society. The struggle by African-Americans to achieve rights equal to those that white people received was also known as the Civil Rights Movement. That included having an opportunity in employment, voting rights, having access to public facilities, education andRead MoreSlavery in the Movie The Help Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesThe term â€Å"The Help† according to dictionary.com means the action of helping someone to do something. Which refers to the duty of a person that helps keep a household clean and organized. Back when racism was still openly accepted by society, black women were the only candidates available for this type of job, because it was very difficult for them to find jobs. The job of being â€Å"The Help† in the house for rich white folks includes taking care of the kids, the house, and worry about preparing 3

What Are The Concepts Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Sustainability as a construct has no universally acceptable definition or a clearly defined planetary modus operandi to measure and mensurate its intergenerational additions. Despite going a really popular term in modern-day society, the construct is mostly context and perspective dependant ; as it can be taken to intend different things to different people, at different minutes in clip ( Kruyt et al. , 2009 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Concepts Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å" Before now, many people were non cognizant of what sustainability is, and its deductions to human being. Even as its consciousness is increasing, the built-in ambiguity of the topic remains an issue of planetary argument † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . In malice of this equivocal nature, our bounds to technological and economic growings, due to human development as predicted in past scholarship underpin the focal issue on sustainability today ( Malthus, 1798 ) , ( Hotelling, 1931 ) and ( Meadows et al. , 1972 ) . â€Å" In a command, to unknot the mystery of this term, several definitions and visualising images of sustainability have evolved † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . However, the most popular of these definitions remains the UN definition in Brundtland Report ( Our Common Future, 1987 ) ; which conceptually explores sustainability in three dimensions to underpin economic, environmental and societal sustainability ; ( Triple Bottom Line ) attack ( Elkington, 2004 ) . However, mainstream sustainability minds â€Å" believe that the definition is obscure and did non underpin any particulars within the myriad of issues concerned with ‘Our Common Future ‘ which we are taking at † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . As a effect, many people view the construct to include other dimensions such institutional and even political sustainability, while others such as ( Dietz and Neumayer, 2007 ; Neumayer, 2010 ) pitch their collapsible shelters with opposing positions of weak versus strong sustainability. Despite the elusive nature of this construct, Sustainability Assessment ( SA ) on the other manus is less equivocal, and can be defined as a formal procedure of identifying, foretelling and measuring the possible impacts of an enterprise ( such as a statute law, ordinance, policy program programme and undertaking ) and its options on the sustainable development of society. ( Govender et al. , 2006 ) . It is a new and germinating construct in environmental appraisal, germinating from plants carried out by environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) and strategic environmental appraisal ( SEA ) practicians ( Sheate et al. , 2003 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . It is progressively being seen as a tool in the ‘family ‘ of impact appraisal processes ( Hacking and Guthrie, 2008 ) that is used to develop new techniques and attacks to impact appraisal that are designed to direct planning and decision-making towards sustainable development ( SD ) ( Pope et al. , 2004 ) . It involves the integrating of the biophysical environmental, societal and economic pillars of sustainability into determination devising in a manner that acknowledges their inter-relatedness. ( Govender et al. , 2006 ) . The increasing degree of political committedness to the rule of Sustainable Development has made SA a common determination doing tool ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; Govender et al. , 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . The majority of research on SA has originated in Canada, Europe and the UK, however, there are still really few illustrations of effectual SA procedures implemented in the universe ( Gibson, 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . Some illustrations can been seen in Western Australia ( Pope and Grace 2006 ) and South Africa of which many are really illustrations of ‘integrated appraisal ‘ , derived from environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) and strategic environmental appraisal ( SEA ) ( Govender et al. , 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . The term ‘Sustainability Appraisal ‘ is used in the UK to separate conventional SEA with a biophysical focal point from a signifier of strategic appraisal that besides covers societal and economic impacts ( Dalal-Clayton and Sadler, 2005 ) . Govender et al. , ( 2006 ) argue that what is called Sustainability Assessment/Appraisal in some states is fundamentally the same as SEA in South Africa. This whole construct of sustainability or sustainable development was foremost described by the Brundtland Commission in 1987: as † †¦ development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † ( World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, p.9 ) . The Rio Earth Summit which took topographic point in 1992 farther set out a series of action points for accomplishing Sustainable development ( SD ) and besides advocates the usage of impact appraisal tools to turn to SD ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . However, as noted earlier at that place seems to be no consensus in the significance of SD as there are several conflicting readings. This was indicated by O’Riordan ( 2000, p.30 ) â€Å" there is no clear understanding as to what sustainable development is, every tract begins and ends at different pointsaˆÂ ¦ † and harmonizing to Williams and Millington ( 2004 ) , this is because the inquiry of how to conjoin demands and resources can be answered in a figure of different ways. For illustration what is sustainable and unsustainable, over what clip span is sustainability achieved and how are natural bounds defined and assessed? ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ; Lawrence, 1997 ) . Therefore, for SA pattern to accomplish sustainable results, it needs to acknowledge that different stakeholders have different framings of what SA outcomes should be ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Understanding Sustainability The being of multiple definitions of sustainable development already poses a job for sustainability appraisal ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Common to all definitions are two cardinal rule ; intragenerational and intergenerational equity and two cardinal constructs ; demands and bounds ( Carter, 2001 ) . How these facets are interpreted has been the issue of argument seen in most literature. One peculiar issue is the different signifiers of sustainability ; weak and strong ( George, 1999 ) . Williams and Millington ( 2004 ) referred to ‘weak sustainability ‘ or ‘shallow environmentalism ‘ as a state of affairs in which one needs to spread out the stock of resources by developing renewable resources, making replacements for non-renewable resources, doing more effectual usage of bing resources, and/or by seeking for technological solutions to jobs such as resource depletion and pollution. Whereas ‘strong sustainability ‘ or ‘deep ecology ‘ is a state of affairs in which the demands that we make on the Earth need to be revised so that we consume less ( that is ; instead than accommodate the Earth to accommodate ourselves, we adapt ourselves to run into the finiteness of nature ) . This statement is further extended to environmental appraisal ( EA ) and many advocators of EA view the integrating of societal and economic issues in SA as a possible mechanism for legalizing the trading off environmental concerns for socio-econmoic additions ( Sheate et al. , 2003 ; Morrison-Saunders and Fischer, 2006 ; Pope and Grace 2006 ) . These differing positions of both strong and weak sustainability can been seen in current patterns. For illustration in Western Australia, SA builds upon a strong civilization of undertaking environmental impact appraisal, enabled by the Environmental Protection Act 1986, to include societal and economic considerations every bit good as environmental issues, thereby maximises ‘win-win-wins ‘ and minimises tradeoffs ( Pope et al. , 2005 ) . Although this tends to back up strong sustainability, pattern nevertheless shows what different as seen in the Gorgon gas development on Barrow Island ( Class A Nature Reserve ) . The Western Australian Government approved the development when environmental impacts were clearly negative ; that is set abouting environmental tradeoffs in favour economic and societal benefits ( Pope et al. , 2004 ; Pope et al. , 2005 ) . This is similar to the ‘weak ‘ construct of sustainability. Besides in the UK, SA in geared towards programs and programmes. Therivel et al. , ( 2009 ) analyzed 45 Sustainability Appraisals conducted in England based on their nucleus schemes ( societal, economic or environmental classs ) . They concluded that the programs will hold good societal and economic effects, but negative environmental effects. They besides pointed out that SA does non place environmental sustainable developments, or the acceptable tradeoff between environmental costs and social/economic benefits. Thereby connoting that SAs are most likely non using sustainability rules, since they are neither placing what ‘living within environmental bounds ‘ are nor proving nucleus schemes against them. The argument about sustainability is fundamentally in three classs ; protecting the natural environment, progressing economic public assistance, and supplying basic human demands. For some people human overuse of the natural environment finally threatens human endurance while others will reason that some depletion of natural resources is inevitable, for economic growing. ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ) . This would inevitable impact how results of SA are been seen as been sustainable or unsustainable. Besides existent pattern is different from Governments initial scheme as seen in the Western Australian instance ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Time Scales Another of import facet in the definition of sustainable development is equity among current and future coevalss. Harmonizing to George ( 1999 ) the duplicate pillars of sustainable development are intergenerational equity ( a necessary status for sustainability ) and intragenerational equity ( a necessary status for development ) . The care of both intragenerational and intergenerational equity ; means that present development must take into history current demands of people present and besides demands of future coevals ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ) . This construct was clearly stated in the Brundtland Report ( World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 ) . Merely as there are different readings of the significance of sustainability, besides there are different positions on how equity should be maintained across coevalss. For Pearce and Warford ( 1993 ) , intergenerational equity, means that development should procure additions in the public assistance of the current coevals provided that public assistance in the hereafter does non diminish, while for Howarth, ( 2007 p.6 ) , who proposed the ‘fair sharing rule ‘ ; â€Å" each member of present and future society is entitled to portion reasonably in the benefits derived from environmental resources. Specific stocks of environmental resources should non be depleted without rendering merely compensation to members of future coevalss † , believes that future coevalss hold a presumptive right to inherit peculiar environmental resources in an unrelieved province. Besides both positions can be said to back up the constructs of weak and strong sustainability. Hence, as noted by Barrett and Grizzle ( 1999 ) , doing environmentally sustainable policy therefore requires the rapprochement of different communities ‘ divergent involvements in ecosystem care and intragenerational and intergenerational distribution. Another job for SA noted by Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011 ) is the uncertainness and vagueness of the boundaries for intragenerational and intergenerational equity. They farther explained that clip continuance of a coevals would change depending on the part were one lives. This can be clearly seen in the different life anticipation values for different states. For illustration, the estimated value for the UK is 80 old ages while that of Nigeria is 47 old ages in 2011 ( Central Intelligence Agency, 2009 ) . A authoritative illustration is the CoRWM radioactive waste study. The study indicated that around 300,000 old ages would hold to go through until radioactive decay would be sufficient for the activity of the fuel to return to that of the natural U ore from which it was originally produced ( CoRWM, 2006 ) . Despite the fact that the general position among the commission is that the present coevals should take the load imposed by its actions from the hereafter, the hard faced is the fact that institutional control, the clip period over which a Government is expected to be in being with cognition and resources to manage any originating issues, was assumed to be a period of around 300 old ages ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; CoRWM, 2006 ) . Another illustration is the Western Australian Government Gorgon gas development on Barrow Island. Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011 ) indicated that the gas processing installations designed for an operational lifetime of 30 old ages, is at odds with the sustainability standards which promises ‘long-term ‘ economic growing for the Pilbara part and Western Australia in general. This ill-defined significance of footings ( for illustration, â€Å" short, average and long-run † and ‘forever ‘ ) has resulted in how SA is seen to accomplish sustainable results. Reductionism versus holistic theory Sustainability appraisal procedure can be carried out by using different attacks and tools runing from indexs to a system-based attack with greater stakeholder engagement. ( Gasparatos et al. , 2009 ) . Amongst academicians/practitioners, there is a current argument on which appraisal procedure ( reductionism or holistic theory ) is best for measuring SA advancement towards sustainability. Reductionism defined by Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011, p.2 ) is â€Å" the interrupting down complex procedures to simple footings or constituent parts † †¦ and â€Å" in the context of SA, this can be illustrated by the attack taken of utilizing a few selected sustainability indexs to stand for the sustainability of a whole system † . Besides Bond and Morrison Saunders ( 2009 ) noted that the cardinal constituent of any SA is holding a suited sustainability index, which are associated with set sustainability aims and marks, to guarantee that undertaking, program or programmes achieve sustainable results. George, ( 1999 ) besides argued that appraisal done aggregately ( holistic theory ) , tends to hide any signifier of possible trade-offs between single facets or constituents. For illustration, impairment in quality of life for some societal groups may non go evident, and potentially unsustainable environmental effects may travel undetected. He suggested that this defect can be reduced if the appraisal is done in item, through single indexs for each of the relevant constituents. Costanza ( 2000 ) and Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2009 ) , noted that the flexibleness or â€Å" user friendliness † of reductionism is one of its chief advantages, given its ability to cut down the surfeit of the environmental impacts to a limited set of Numberss in order to incorporate societal, economic and environmental consideration into determination devising. On the other manus, there is besides an statement that environmental systems need to be considered as wholes instead than interrupt down units ( Holism ) . This is because the environment and human societies are complex systems which are dynamic and non-linear in nature, and are besides involved in complex interactions. Hence, understanding this complex system, requires a holistic attack, to to the full measure the cumulative consequence of all impacts moving together to hold unacceptable environmental effects. ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; Cashmore, 2004 ; Gasparatos et al. , 2009, 2008 ; Morrison-Saunders and Bailey 2000 ) . Steinemann, ( 2000 ) , besides suggested that â€Å" traveling off from analyses of stray hazards and toward a broader apprehension of environment will necessitate a more holistic, incorporate position of impact appraisal † . Reductionism harmonizing to Gasparatos et al. , 2009 ) is presently still the dominant paradigm for sustainability appraisals. There are different grades of reductionism where complex systems are reduced to smaller figure steps or the utmost being a individual value ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Examples of reductionist attack can been seen in the UK SAs undertaken for nucleus schemes of 38 local governments in England, where the greatest figure of indexs used was 151 and the lowest 24 ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Discussion and Decision The success of Sustainability Assessment is dependent on a figure of different readings. The first measure is to admit this different reading, acknowledge that these reading influences what different stakeholders view SA in accomplishing sustainable results. Ideally, SA integrates societal, environmental and economic considerations at every phase in decision-making, but how this integrating should be carried out, without sing one facet more than the other has been a beginning of environmental contention. Some advocators of environmental appraisal suggested that environmental appraisal could lend to sustainability by widening its range to include societal and economic considerations along with environmental 1s ( Pope et al. , 2004 ) , while on the other manus many advocators of environmental assessment position sustainability appraisal with some intuition, seeing it as a possible mechanism for legalizing the trading off environmental concerns for socio-economic addition ( Pope and Grace 2006 ) . Evidences from SA patterns in several states ( for illustration, Western Australian Government Gorgon gas development ) have shown that the weak sustainability or anthropocentricity presently prevails in the universe today. Another facet considered in this paper is the job of intergenerational and intergenerational equity. What approaches would be best to turn to battalion of environmental, societal and economic issues, together with intergenerational and intergenerational equity concerns? A â€Å" pluralistic stewardship † that is, incorporating nucleus elements of anthropocentricity, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, has been suggested by Barrett and Grizzle ( 1999 ) , to be the best attack for SA to accomplish sustainable results. Gasparatos et al. , ( 2009 ) besides suggested that â€Å" methodological pluralism coupled with stakeholder engagement seems a safer way to step † . Hence, one can reason that no 1 valid procedure or point of view can supply an ample and appropriate solution to this issue ( SA accomplishing sustainable results ) . Besides any sustainability construct /related models or procedure must be adapted to suite regional and local conditions ( for illustration the different life anticipation in different states ) ( Lawrence, 1997 ) . In decision, it is apparent that Weak Sustainability with Reductionism remains the prevailing sustainability attacks in current sustainability docket, with strong focal point on short term sustainability additions instead than hunger for intergenerational equity. These different readings of sustainability, ( embracing timescale, reductionist and holistic ) is liken to the statement â€Å" beauty is in the eyes of the perceiver † . In other words, to the EIA practitioner/stakeholder/individual, their significance and reading of the term sustainability would find if SA has achieved sustainable result. How to cite What Are The Concepts Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Greenhouse Effect free essay sample

Air pollution and greenhouse gases are the reason for the planet as it is today; the reason why we see campaigns flooding the media informing us to ‘switch off’, ‘save the planet’ and ‘turn down the heat’ and the reason why the government is trying to develop a successful scheme, such as the carbon tax scheme, to reduce air pollution caused by major industries. Air pollution and greenhouse gases are the two immediate causes of global warming and climate change. Air pollution occurs when chemicals or particulate matter enter the atmosphere. They can cause damage to living organisms on the planet, as well as destruction to the natural and synthetic environment (Energy Environment. net 2008). Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation emitted from the earth. They trap infrared radiation in the form of heat, and hence contribute to global warming. Anthropogenic greenhouse gases are a direct result of air pollution. They are the physical gases emitted that cause air pollution. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases also have an influence on the earth’s atmosphere, though it is not as conspicuous as anthropogenic causes. Together, air pollution and greenhouse gases are intensifying climate change and global warming on a world-wide basis. Until 10 years ago, air pollution was thought to be just an urban or local problem until it was discovered that the pollutants could move across continents and oceans. Air pollution is the fundamental factor that causes greenhouse gases, hence climate change and global warming. Air pollutants are the waste products generated from industrial and other processes. They usually come in gases, though aerosols (particles suspended in air, emitted as or formed by transformations of SO2, and ammonia into sulphates, nitrates and ammonium) are common as well, and just as significant. Aerosols absorb and reflect sunlight, which increases the atmospheric temperature, enhancing greenhouse warming. There are two main classifications of air pollutants; primary, those emitted directly into the atmosphere, and secondary pollutants, those hat form in the air when primary pollutants interact and react. Air pollution is most commonly caused by anthropogenic emission, the most predominant being the burning of fossil fuels. Other major causes of air pollution include chemical processing, agriculture, airborne particles and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) (Irina Ignatova 2008). Air pollution does occur naturally as well, from volcanic eruptions, water vapor, animal resu scitation and lightening fires. Air composition changes regularly, depending on the place, season and weather, as well as for many other reasons (NSW Gov. 2008). The most prevalent air pollutants, as established by the Australian Government, are; carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particles and sulfur dioxide (2. Aust. Gov. 2009. ). Carbon monoxide occurs in the atmosphere naturally at low levels, and is mainly sourced from volcanoes and bushfires. It is emitted from anthropogenic sources by exhaust emissions and some industrial activities(2. Aust. Gov. 2009). Since approximately 1950, anthropogenic sources of CO2 have escalated, as Figure 1 below demonstrates. Lead occurs naturally in the air in tiny amounts, but is added to from lead smelting and other processes. 2. Aust. Gov. 2009). Nitrogen dioxide occurs naturally by lightning and some organic sources, and is added to mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and exhaust emissions (2. Aust. Gov. 2009). Some of the major anthropogenic sources of three major air pollutants, CO, and SO2 are shown in Table 1: Some Important Air Polluting Sectors below. Table 1: Some Important Air Po lluting Sectors (2) Sector Air pollutants emitted Biofuel Combustion Mostly CO; also SO2 and NOx . Industry amp;ump; Refineries Mostly SO2 and NOx; also CO . Power Generation Mostly SO2 and NOx; also CO . Residential and Commercial Sector Mostly SO2 and CO; also NOx . Road, Rail, Air amp;ump; Other Transport Mostly NOx and CO; also SO2 . As can be seen from table 1, the three air pollutants CO, SO2 and NOx are emitted from a range of sources. The sectors listed in the table are some of the worst anthropogenic polluters present. These air pollutants, plus others are also known as greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases (hereafter GHGs) are gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation emitted from the earth. GHGs can have both natural and anthropogenic causes. They ccur naturally in the atmosphere; however, increased anthropogenic GHGs has led to what is known as the enhanced greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process where greenhouse gases allow sunlight to pass into the atmosphere, but prevents some of the long wave radiation (heat) from escaping. This process maintains a livable temperature on earth, as without it the average temperature would be - 18oC instead of the 15oC presently (Pidwirny, M. 2006). Naturally, the balance of GHGs is maintained in the atmosphere, ensuring the planet doesn’t become too hot or cold. The enhanced greenhouse effect is an increase in the natural greenhouse effect, stimulated by human activity. GHGs are released into the atmosphere at a much faster rate than they would naturally, increasing their concentrations. This leads to an increase in long wave radiation absorption, raising the atmospheric temperature of the planet. This is known as global warming, and has been slowly occurring over a number of decades. The impact of GHGs has been rising since the industrial revolution, due to the enormous increase in toxic emissions. The major GHGs are Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (NH4), Nitrogen oxide (NO) and Fluorocarbons. Figure 2 shows the proportions of the main U. S Anthropogenic GHG emissions. This graph clearly shows that CO2 is the most prevalent GHG emitted. Figure 2: U. S. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 2001. (Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent) . What this graph fails to show, however, is the prevalence of another, very common GHG; water vapor. Approximately 60% of all greenhouse gas is water vapor. Much of the water vapor is retained from natural sources, so it is often unspoken of when detailing climate change. This is generally justified by climate change commonly being referred to in an anthropogenic sense. The four major GHGs, CO2, NH4, NO and Fluorocarbons have increased considerably in amount from the pre-industrial (pre 1750) levels to today, as table 2, below, shows. Gas Preindustrial Level 2008 Level . Carbon Dioxide 280 parts per million 385 ppm . Methane 700 parts per billion 1782 ppb . Nitrous Oxide 270 parts per billion 321 ppb . Fluorocarbons 0 parts per trillion 533 pp. Table 2: Comparative levels of Greenhouse Gases preindustrial (1750) and 2008 . Adapted from http://www. eea. europa. eu/data-and-maps/indicators/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-concentrations/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-concentrations-assessment-2 The various levels can be seen to have increased considerably since 1750, the most markedly being Fluorocarbons, which were not present in pre-industrial times , and now are at a level of 533 parts per trillion. The GHG that has had the most devastating increase since 1750 is carbon dioxide, increasing from 280 parts per million to 385 ppm. This increase has led to many of the climate issues prevalent in today’s environment. It is these increasing GHG levels that cause the problems of climate change and global warming. Greenhouse gases caused by air pollutants have many adverse effects to the environment and to the health of living organisms living on the planet. The most significant effect is global warming. The average temperature rise worldwide in the last century was 0. 6oC (National Geographic 2004). Global warming is having many current, dramatic effects on the planet. The biggest danger is from sea level rise. Because of the increasing temperatures, the oceans are expanding, causing the sea level to rise, which poses a massive danger to low lying continents and islands. The oceans have risen 15-20cm already. Figure 3 shows the changes in sea level due to global warming from 1880 to 1980. Greenhouse gases also cause climate change, which is long-term changes in the climate, including average rainfall and temperature. The climate worldwide at the moment is leading to increasingly extreme climate conditions, such as extended droughts, torrential rain leading to extensive flooding and short, intense storms. Many of these severities of nature have already been witnessed, with droughts in Western Australia, floods in the Eastern States, Tornadoes in America and extreme monsoons in Asian countries. So it can be concluded that, as long as air pollution keeps increasing the prevalence of greenhouse gases, climate change and global warming will also increase. The evidence clearly provided in this essay strongly supports the argument that greenhouse gases caused by air pollution are the main cause of anthropogenic climate change. The tables and graphs demonstrate just how greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. As is evident, climate change is an ever growing problem globally. Due to the increase in anthropogenic air pollution, greenhouse gases have amplified also, as shown by table 2. Figure one shows how carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased exponentially, mirrored by anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide. The various examples described clearly support the argument that greenhouse gases caused by air pollution are the major anthropogenic causes of climate change.

Jazz concert report Essay Example For Students

Jazz concert report Essay Kaixin Peng Instructor: Kevin ONeal MusiC 33 11/24/13 Second Concert Report I went to Mr. ONeals second Jazz concert today, which took place at a little bit far but very nice Jazz studio in San Pedro. There was a beautiful neighborhood nearby, and it was the first time IVe ever been to San Pedro. I was kind of tired since I went there right after I got off from work, but I still be excited and couldnt wait for the wonderful music. My friends and I had a seat before the concern really started, it was a warm and sweet little room. Then I looked at the little stage in front where Mr. ONeals going to perform later, it was Just fit to everything. I like the design of the stage: they had colorful lighting on five separate pieces pure white background , a new classic piano, a bright blue Jazz drum which I like the best, and a set of red African drum, they really made me look forward to the show. My friend also ordered the pizza the Mr. ONeal recommended, and we were ready to enjoy the concert! At around 4:45, the concert finally began. All the members of the band was sitting on their seats and getting ready, except for Mr. ONeal, while everybodys looking for him, he suddenly appeared. Everyone in the room was clapping so hard to welcome Mr. ONeal, then he started his music right away. The first song named Un Poco Loco, I love the tempo of those two different type of drums that were playing in this song, it gave people a kind of lively and pleasure feeling, and Mr. ONeals face was funny. The second song was a lyrical song called l should care, sang by Mr. ONeal, the lyric was very touched and the melody made me relax, I enjoyed listening to Mr. O Neals singing, however, he made a Joke in the end to pull out a long tone seem to be endless. After this he rested for a while and introduced his band members to the udience, he said l only hire those people who are uglier than me and shorter than me, and talented. There was total six guys on the stage including Mr. ONeal, one played the piano, one played guitar but Mr. ONeal said that he can play all the instruments, Mr. ONeal himself played base and vocal, one played saxophone, and two other guys played that two different kind of drums, yet, unfortunately I was not able to remember any of their names. The third song was Key Largo which Mr. ONeal said it makes him think of South Florida. Then, there was Lady Candy up to the stage, she sang the song Loverman with her amazing voice. She performed the song Regresamelo Todo with her enthusiasm. My favorite one was l fell in love, she sang in Spanish with full of love, it was very graceful. Later, there was another gentleman who came up and sang a song with her in Spanish as well, then the gentleman had a special performing of the song l wanna be where you are by Michael Jackson. The last song that Mr. ONeal brought to us made me feel free and cheerful, it was called Bolivia. Thank you for giving us a such wonderful night, I really enjoy the music of the concert! Jazz concert report By missangelinababy